The energy use of machine learning models - especially large language models - remains highly uncertain. Here are a few articles I’ve found useful on this topic:

  1. Michael Liebreich. “Generative AI – The Power and the Glory”. BloombergNEF. December 2024.
  2. Sophia Chen. “How much energy will AI really consume? The good, the bad and the unknown”. Nature News Feature. March 2025.
  3. Andy Masley. “Using ChatGPT is not bad for the environment”. Substack. January 2025.
  4. Hannah Ritchie. “What’s the carbon footprint of using ChatGPT?”. Substack. May 2025.
  5. James O’Donnell and Casey Crownhart. “We did the math on AI’s energy footprint. Here’s the story you haven’t heard.”. MIT Technology Review. May 2025.