Energy use of machine learning
The energy use of machine learning models - especially large language models - remains highly uncertain. Here are a few articles I’ve found useful on this topic:
- Michael Liebreich. “Generative AI – The Power and the Glory”. BloombergNEF. December 2024.
- Sophia Chen. “How much energy will AI really consume? The good, the bad and the unknown”. Nature News Feature. March 2025.
- Andy Masley. “Using ChatGPT is not bad for the environment”. Substack. January 2025.
- Hannah Ritchie. “What’s the carbon footprint of using ChatGPT?”. Substack. May 2025.
- James O’Donnell and Casey Crownhart. “We did the math on AI’s energy footprint. Here’s the story you haven’t heard.”. MIT Technology Review. May 2025.
- Juho Snellman. “LLMs are cheap”. Juho Snellman’s Weblog. June 2025.